Primary Sources

Books

Kirtland, John C. and David F. Coffin Jr., The Relocation and Internment of the Aleuts During World War II, Volume VII-Depositions of Persons Evacuated from St. George Island. Anchorage, Alaska: The Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, 1981 Deposition by Anfesa Galaria subscribed and sworn before J.M. Shame on 13 January 1978. In this deposition she expressed how long she had been interned as will as stated how little food they had to eat.

Deposition by Alexander Galanin, Sr. subscribed and sworn before J.M. Shane on 25 November 1978. He said that he was removed from St. George with a one-day notice by the Navy and only spoke a little English. "For two years we lived uncomfortably in an unhealthy way because of lack of space."

Deposition by Moses Galanin subscribed and sworn before Aletis H. Riolwpiof on 13 February 1981. Moses Galanin gave me new knowledge concerning a school for grades 1-6 and told about his job prior to the evacuation.

Deposition by Tatiana Hapoff subscribed and sworn before J.M. Shane on 24 November 1978. In this deposition T. Hapoff describes the conditions aboard the Delarof. "School age children lost 2 years of schooling because of the lack of school supplies." T. Hapof stayed at the Funter Bay cannery.

Deposition by Elekonida Kashevarof subscribed and sworn before Aletis H. Riolwpiof on 18 February 1981. E. Kashevarof described the drinking water as very poor and brown in color as well as described the trip to Wrangell Institute, which unfortunately ended with a trip to the hospital for 6 months as a result of contracting tuberculosis. After the hospital E. Kashevarof was sent back to Funter Bay.

Brochures

Burkhart, Carol and Linda Cook, WWII National Historic Landmarks: The Aleutian CampaignU.S. Government Printing Office: 1993 This brochure provided interesting information about five of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. It also contained many moving photographs of World War II.

Government Documents

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from S.R. Berenberg to L.C. McMillin September 20, 1941, Record Group 22, Box 38 .S.R. Berenberg, M.D., expresses her concern for Julia Merculieff's eyes as well as her need for an artificial arm in this memorandum. It showed the condition of the natives and steps made towards helping them receive adequate care. I read several letters referring to this individual but am unsure of the final outcome.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Report of trip to Funter Bay by N. Berneta Block October 2-6, 1943, Record Group 22, Box 85 Block, N. Berneta, MD., Director of the Division of Maternal/Child Health and Crippled Children's Services, describes, in startling realism, the conditions in the Funter Bay camp. She was also appalled at the lack of medical care for the Aleuts.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Ward T. Bower to Dr. Berneta Block October 28,1943, Record Group 22, Box 35 Bower, Chief of the Division of Alaska Fisheries, expresses his feelings about the Funter Bay camp. He also states that the natives have been coddled too much, which was not the case.

United States National Archives and Records Service. Letter from Ward T. Bower to Edward C. Johnston June 2,1942, Record Group 22, Box 35 This memorandum describes the destruction of the seal skins if a Japanese attack was imminent.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Ward T. Bower to Frederich G. Morton June 29,1942,Record Group 22, Box 35 Bower tells of the disabled doctor for the Pribilof natives in this letter.

United States National Archives and Records Service,Letter from Frank Jack Fletcher to Commander, Alaska Sector Naval Operating Base December 14, 1942, Record Group 22, Box 35 This letter describes the penalties involved with killing fur bearing animals, within the limits of the Alaska Territory or in the waters thereof, except as authorized by law. If caught breaking these laws, the person would be fined no less than $200, or no more than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.

United States National Archives and Records Service Letter from Mary Jane Gaither to Anthony J. Dimond April 19,1943, Record Group 22, Box 38 Mary Jane Gaither states that the natives are really very intelligent and would respond to higher education if they could get it and also talks about how the Aleuts, were virtually slave labor for the seal harvest. Her letter is written to Honorable Anthony J. Dimond, Delegate for Alaska in Washington D.C.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Fred R. Geeslin to Edward C. Johnston March 20,1945, Record Group 22, Box 38 In this correspondence between Geeslin, Acting General Superintendent, and Johnston, Superintendent of Fish and Wildlife Services, Geeslin tells how hard it will be to acquire more personnel from Wrangell Institute to harvest the seals.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Report of Funter Bay by John HallSeptember 3-4, 1943, Record Group 22, Box 55 In this report of Funter Bay, John Hall wrote about the lack of clean water, medical supplies and doctors as well as outbreaks of various illnesses.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Edward C. Johnston to all Army units May 26, 2944, Records Group 22, Box 35 "Photographs may be taken of any operation except the actual clubbing and skinning."

United States National Archives and Records Service Letter from Edward C. Johnston to Ward T. Bower January 26, 1944, Record Group 22, Box 35 "The method employed in skinning seals decreases greatly the amount of meat available for use as food. The pelts are not removed with knives but are pulled or stripped off. A considerable amount of meat comes off with the skin as well as most of the fat or blubber."

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Edward C. Johnston to L.C. McMillin April 2,1943,Record Group 22, Box 33 Edward C.Johnston, Superintendent of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, expressed his opinion about preparing the natives for the seal harvest in this letter.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Edward C. Johnston to the Director of Fish and Wildlife Services December 12, 1941, Record Group 22, Box 35 Johnston discusses, in brief, the sudden outbreak of war between Japan and the United States.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Telegram from Edward C. Johnston to the Director of Fish and Wildlife Services May 21, 1941, Record Group 22, Box 35 Johnston reports an outbreak of measles at St. Paul because the ship Penguin, brought the disease from Unalaska.

United States National Archives and Record Service, Momorandum from Edward C. Johnston to L.C. McMillin August 8,1941, Record Group 22, Box 38

The foxing operation is discussed in this memorandum by Johnston

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from L.C. McMillin to Edward C. Johnston March 22,1943, Record Group 22,.Box 38

In this letter L.C.. McMillin, agent and caretaker of the St. Paul camp expressed his views on how enough men will be secured to harvest the seal. United States National Archives and Records Service,Letter from L.C. McMillin to the Commanding Officer of U.S. Troops June 12, 1943, Record Group 22, Box 35 In this note he states that the sealing operation is not secret in any way.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from L.C. McMillin to Edward C. Johnston March 8, 1941, Record Group 22, Box 33

McMillin describes the problems there are with certain staff members as well as more general problems with the camp and sealing operation.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from L.C. McMillin to Edward C. Johnston October 24, 1942, Record Group 22, Box 33

McMillin tells of a fight that broke out and how he had to wake up and break it up.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from L.C. McMillin to Edward C. Johnston July 11, 1942, Record Group 22, Box 34

In this letter McMillin describes the Aleuts' inadequate sleeping conditions.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from L.C. McMillin to Edward C. Johnston September 21, 1941, Record Group 22, Box 38

McMillin tells how Julia Merculieff's medical expenses are to be taken care of in this letter.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from L.C. McMillin to Edward C. Johnston February 15, 1941, Record Group 22, Box 33

In this letter McMillin describes the problem of lack of livestock resulting in complaints about the non-varied diet.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from F.G.Morton to Ward T. Bower August 10, 1942, Record Group 22, Box 35

Morton, Assistant Superintendent, tells Bower of the need for sanitation facilities at Funter Bay in this letter.

United States National Archives and Records Service, Letter from Clarence L. Olson to Edward C. Johnston November 11, 1943, Record Group 22, Box 38

This letter describes the return trip of the children from the Funter Bay camp to Wrangell Institute.

Interviews

Dushkin, Dora, interview by Author, December 6, 1994 Dora Dushkin, an Aleut, was six when she was evacuated. She provided me with valuable information about the camps and about her family's struggles when they were evacuated. She also, graciously, lent me a copy of her memoirs, which was a big help. Inouye, Ronald K., written interview by Author, December 6, 1994 Ronald K. Inouye helped me by suggesting resources concerning the Aleut Evacuation and furnished a well written and informative article written by himself. Kudrin, George, interview by Author, December 6, 1994 George Kudrin, an Aleut, was born after the evacuation but provided useful data about the Aleuts' feelings and interesting tidbits of information concerning the evacuation.

Newspaper Articles

Brown, Tricia, "Untold War Story," Anchorage Daily News (May 23, 1992)
This newspaper article explains the tactics used to entice the Aleuts back to the Pribilofs to harvest the seal.

Edwards, Charles, "Aleuts Deserve Apology," Anchorage Daily News (January 31, 1995)
This letter to the editor helped me by providing a brief but informative look at the Aleut evacuation.

Freedman, Donna, "Money and Memories," Anchorage Daily News (August 15, 1988)
This resource tells about an Aleut woman who tried to carry two boxes aboard one of the ships that evacuated the Aleuts. They were only allowed to carry one box aboard and so the personnel threw her precious china set overboard. It also describes, in brief, the money given to survivors.

Peeples, Lynn, "Commission Recounts Trauma of Aleut Relocation," The Anchorage Times (March 6, 1983)
This interesting newspaper story described the government's wrong-doing and the cover-up which ensued.

Rubin, Julius, "Fifty years later, Aleuts are the 'forgotten' WWII internees," News From Indian Country (mid February 1992)
This reference describes the patriotism of the Aleuts, as well as the deplorable conditions in which they were interned.

"Aleuts, veterans remembered," Senior Voice (May 1992)
This newspaper excerpt tells of a person, Emil Berikoff, and about events planned for individuals who served in Alaska during WWII.

"Funter Bay Rememberd," Aang Angagin Aang Angaginas (June 1992)
This section of a newspaper helped me by showing photographs of the Natives aboard the ships en route to their camps.

Periodicals

Beech, Mary, "Refugees from the Pribilofs," Alaska Life (August 1944)
This magazine article was helpful because it gave Flore's, a sixteen year old's, opinions and experiences about Wrangell Institute.

Corral, Roy, "The Aleutians," Alaska Magazine (November 1991)
This magazine article contained interesting pictures and a map of Alaska with a detailed insert of the Aleutian chain.

Inouye, Ron, "A Denial of Justice," Alaska Today (July 1985-June 1986) Volume 13
This magazine article provided an interesting look at the relocation of the Aleuts and segmented the different topics of the evacuation for easy use.

Secondary Sources

Books

The Aleut Relocation and Internment During WWII-A Preliminary Examination Anchorage, Alaska: The Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, 1981 This resource was easy reading and provided a strong base for understanding the Aleut evacuation.

The Treatment of the Aleuts: A World War II Tragedy Anchorage, Alaska: The Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association
This resource gave a good look at how the task of interviewing and bringing the Native story into the public eye was conducted.

Antonson, Joan M. and William S. Hanable,
Alaska's Heritage Fairbanks, Alaska: The Alaska Historical Society, 1985
This resource brought to my attention another reason why the government evacuated the Aleut people. Forty-two Aleuts and two non-Natives were removed from Kiska by the Japanese in their invasion, and seventeen died while in captivity.

Kirtland, John and David Coffin, The Relocation and Internment of the Aleuts During WWII Washington D.C.: Cook, Purcell, Hansen and Henderson, 1981
This book provided dates and important facts concerning the attack on Alaska by Japanese forces.

Smith, Barbara and Patricia Petrivelli, Making it Right: Restitution for Churches Damaged and Lost During the Aleut Relocation in WWII, Volume I Anchorage, Alaska: The Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, 1993
This volume contained a very thorough report of the conditions and recommendations for the St. Alexander Nevsky Chapel and the St. Nicholas Chapel. There were also interesting photos of the items within the churches.

Smith, Barbara and Patricia Petrivelli, Making it Right: Restitution for Churches Damaged and Lost During the Aleut Relocation in WWII Volume II Part 2 Anchorage, Alaska: The Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, 1993
This volume discussed how the natives buried some of the Unalaska church articles for fear that the Japanese would bomb the church. It also dealt with the restoration of churches in Unalaska and illuminated the conditions of particular churches.

Video

Thill, Michael and Mary Jo, and Dimitri Philemonof, Aleut Evacuation: The Untold Story Girdwood, Alaska: Gaff Rigged Publications/Aleutian Pribilof Island Association, 1992
This 59-minute video provided a sound framework for the understanding of the Aleut evacuation.